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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. H. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Putting into action regulations clarified that marine environments include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the description and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life pattern.|2| EFH comes with all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, mud, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific info. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and illustrate EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect natural environment identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On December 19, 1997, interim last rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which specify procedures for implementation of the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by publication of final rules in January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Influences from certain fishing techniques and coastal and marine development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal organizations work together to minimize these threats.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions for the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, grant, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Workplace (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State agencies and private landowners are not required to consult with NMFS. EFH consultation services are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or performed part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely impact EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations on the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to variety and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, control, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet by least one of the following some criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will get stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is uncommon.|27|
Current HAPCs contain important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, amongst other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory safeguard as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is chosen for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Essential Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed since threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at that moment a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat vary in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom an environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) regarding juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of young , small brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical structure for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft lower part in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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