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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Applying regulations clarified that seas include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological residential areas that make these areas appropriate for fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used at any time during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific facts. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed variety to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Action was amended to establish a new requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect habitat identified by federal territorial fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On Dec 19, 1997, interim last rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which identify procedures for implementation on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These types of rules were amended by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management strategy (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing methods and coastal and marine development and may alter, destruction, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable impacts on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, as well as, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed variety. As new FMPs happen to be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing upon EFH, and identify various other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can easily avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions in the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, support, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH have to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been followed.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State organizations and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to kinds and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Home areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high concern areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet at least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a natural environment type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory protection as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Important Habitat is designated for the survival and restoration of species listed while threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by threatened or endangered varieties that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical at that moment a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are very different in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for certain species such as salmon.|32|
An environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures base the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with yeast sediment. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. You will find two main types of bottoms, hard and very soft.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in relation to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of juvenile brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which often support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a range of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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